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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
filename extension
file extension
The portion of a filename, following the
final point, which indicates the kind of data stored in the
file - the file type.
Many operating systems use filename extensions, e.g. Unix,
VMS, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows. They are usually from
one to three letters (some sad old OSes support no more than
three). Examples include "c" for C source code, "ps" for
PostScript, "txt" for arbitrary text.
NEXTSTEP and its descendants also use extensions on
directories for a similar purpose.
Apart from informing the user what type of content the file
holds, filename extensions are typically used to decide which
program to launch when a file is "run", e.g. by
double-clicking it in a GUI file browser. They are also
used by Unix's make to determine how to build one kind of
file from another.
Compare: MIME type.
{Tony Warr's comprehensive list
(http://camalott.com/~rebma/filex.html)}.
{FAQS.org Graphics formats
(http://faqs.org/faqs/graphics/fileformats-faq/)}.
(2002-04-19)